“Ando, who is Javanese, is now living in a metropolitan city (Jakarta) for a study reason. It in nature allows him to have frequent contacts for transactional purposes for instance with individuals coming from different cultural and linguistic background. Switching or mixing from one language to the next is such an unavoidable social consequence that he could show up to get his message effectively communicated. Therefore, it is common to have his native language is getting fewer intensive in use even when he occasionally speaks with whom they share the same language”.
The phenomena can analyze with the bilingualism and code switching theory. For the first we will analyze the phenomena with bilingualism. Monolinguals, that is, the ability to use only one language is such a widely accepted norm in so many parts of the Western world that it is often assumed to be a world-wide phenomenon, to the extent that bilingual and multilingual individuals may appear to be ‘unusual.’ Indeed, we often have mixed feelings when we discover that someone we meet is fluent in several languages: perhaps a mixture of admiration and envy but also, occasionally, a feeling of superiority in that many such people are not ‘native’ to the culture in which we function. Such people are likely to be immigrants, visitors, or children of ‘mixed’ marriages and in that respect ‘marked’ in some way, and such marking is not always regarded favorably. In many parts of the world an ability to speak more than one language is not at all remarkable. In fact, a monolingual individual would be regarded as a misfit, lacking an important skill in society, the skill of being able to interact freely with the speakers of other languages with whom regular contact is made in the ordinary business of living. In many parts of the world it is just a normal requirement of daily living that people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside world of wider social or political organization. These various languages are usually acquired naturally and unselfconsciously, and the shifts from one to another are made without hesitation (Wardhaugh, 2006). Wardhaugh’s explanation can identify Ando that he is use bilingualism to make successful communication with his friend in Jakarta. As we know that Jakarta is one of city in Indonesia, and the national language that use by the people is Bahasa, so Ando as the Javanese also know Bahasa because Javanese is also one of the region in Indonesia, Ando as a student surely know Indonesian language or Bahasa. The first language that he uses is Javanese and the second is Bahasa. So Ando for this situation uses Bilingualism to make successful of communication.
The second analysis of the phenomena of Ando is code switching and code maxim. Wardhaugh (1986: 102) says that code is the particular dialect or language one chooses to use on any occasion, and a system for communication between two or more parties. Poedjosoedarmono (1978: 4) says that a code is a system of speech whose elements of language has special characteristic, and it is proper to the background of the speaker, the relation of the speaker to address and the situation.
Another linguistic phenomenon in bilingual or multilingual society is code mixing. Code switching and code mixing are terms that are used to call the dependence upon aspect of language. The difference of those terms that can be found is the dependence indicating characteristics. In the phenomenon of code mixing the dependent characteristics are indicated by the relationship between the function and role of language. The role means that who uses the language and function means what will be acquired by the speaker (Suwito in Sutana 1999: 17).
Mackey in Suwito (1985: 65) states that Code Mixing is one characteristic of language dependence. Then, He cities that the language dependence is marked by the presence of reciprocal relations between roles and language functions. According to him, the roles refer to who uses language, whereas the language functions refer to what will bed achieve by speaker in his utterances. So if a speaker mixes two different codes on language in his utterances, then it should be asked first who he is.
In this manner, the specific characteristics of the speaker are, among others, his social background, and level of education and solidarity of region. However, all of these specific characteristics will often color his code mixing. On the other hand, the language unction determines how far the languages used by speaker give an opportunity to mix codes. Finally, a speaker who masters many languages will have a greater opportunity to mix codes, because what a speaker of his utterance achieves is extremely determined by his language choice.
Code mixing usually occurs in bilingual or multilingual community or society and the function (meaning) of the languages cannot be clearly separated. This code mixing is used when the conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardhaugh, 1986: 103)
In code mixing the main code or basic code has its own function and meaning, other codes, however, are only the pieces, without function and meaning as a code (Chaer, 1995: 151). Thelander (In Chaer, 1995: 152) explains the definition of code mixing. He says that if in the single utterance the clauses and the phrases used are hybrid clause or hybrid phrases and each clause or phrase does not support the function of clause and phrase, it is called code mixing. The special character of code mixing is that, code mixing is used in informal situation. In the formal situation it may have no exact meaning in Indonesian language. In the written language code mixing is indicated by italic writing or underline form (Nababan, 1984: 32).
For the reason of code maxim we can take example from Ando’s phenomena, Ando as individual coming from different region surely uses code maxim because he has two languages that automatically directly use this theory, for example when he invite his friend to some place he can says “rek, ayo kita ke mall yuk” the word “rek” here is Javanese language from word “arek”. From the example we can know that to make successful in communication Ando can use the code maxim theory.
Sometimes, people consider that code switching and code mixing have the same meaning. But actually both of them are different. People in the bilingualism or multilingualism situation often change language or variety of languages. This situation depends on situation or the need for communication such as when a person uses a standard language when he meets his guest. When he knows that, actually, the guest is his old friend, the person switches his standard language into informal language. This phenomenon is called code switching (MY COURSES Code Mixing and Code Switching.htm).
According to Crystal (1991: 59) code switching can be illustrated by the switch bilingual speaker may make (depending on who they are talking to or where they are) between standard and regional forms of English, between Welsh and English in parts of Wales, or between occupational and domestics varieties.
Komarudin (1989: 59) says that code switching occurs in level of clauses and sentences. Code switching is general characteristics in bilingualism. Bilingual people often switch codes from one language to other language when they speak or write.
Code switching is switching situation from one code to another (Suwito, 1985: 68). If a speaker firstly uses code A (for example Indonesian Language) and he changes his code to code B (Javanese Language), this situation is called code switching.
Code switching not only occurs in the form of language change but also may happen in the change of the variant of language. Hymes (in Chaer 1995: 142) says that code switching has become a common term for alternate us of two or more languages, varieties of language or even speech style.
Code switching happens in bilingual society. Code switching occurs when people use a particular code and suddenly change to another code. Apple (in Chaer 1995: 141) states code switching is the change of one code to another. Wardhaugh (1986: 103) also gives definition of code switching occurs when the language used, changes according to the situation in which the conversant find them. The speakers here switch one code to another code or they speak in one language to another language.
The phenomena of Ando also can identify with code switching theory. For example “ gue pengen makan bakso rek”. Gue pengen is Jakarta language, makan bakso is Bahasa. rek is Javanese language. It means that although Ando lives in the metropolitan city as the individual coming with different language, surely in his conversation or his communication with his friend, directly he uses code switching to make his communication is comfortable and successful.
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Reference
MY COURSES Code Mixing and Code Switching.htm
Wardhaugh, Ronald. (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Basil Blackwell Ltd
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